‘The Great Equalizer’: What the Bronx education of the past can teach us about the Bronx education of today

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51896/easc.v2i2.711

Keywords:

Educational history, inmigration, The Bronx, American Dream, access to education, bilingual education, school integration, teacher shortage, teacher education, government policy

Abstract

Education is an important tool in the pursuit of the American Dream, namely upward social and economic mobility in the United States. For over 100 years, immigrants and their families have moved to the Bronx to pursue this dream and take advantage of the free education provided by the public school system, from the influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to immigrants today coming from Latin America, the Caribbean, and Africa. This article seeks to use the Bronx Jewish History Project’s oral history interviews to establish the state of education in the Bronx in the mid-twentieth century in order to compare it with Bronx education today. In doing so, it draws the conclusion that public resources need to be reallocated to teacher education and enrichment education programs in order to overcome worsening segregation and provide the newest generation of immigrants with the opportunities necessary to pursue the American Dream in the twenty-first century.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Cohen, D. (2021). NYC School Segregation Report Card: Still Last, Action Needed Now! UCLA: The Civil Rights Project / Proyecto Derechos Civiles. https://escholarship.org/content/qt5fx616qn/qt5fx616qn.pdf

Cole, M. (January 23, 2024). NYC ended 7-day New York Public Library service. So what has the impact been? CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/the-impact-of-ending-7-day-public-library-service/

Darnton, R. (1984). The great cat massacre and other episodes in French cultural history. Vintage Books.

Dash-Moore, D., Gurock, J. S., Polland, A., Rock, H. B. & Soyer, D. (2017). Jewish New York: The Remarkable Story of a City and a People. New York University Press.

Delpit, L. (1988). The Silenced Dialogue: Power and Pedagogy in Educating Other People’s Children. Harvard Educational Review, 58(3), 280-290. https://lmcreadinglist.pbworks.com/f/Delpit+(1988).pdf

Dembart, L. (1977). Carter Takes ‘Sobering’. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/06/archives/carter-takes-sobering-trip-to-south-bronx-carter-finds-hope-amid.html

Dewey, J. (1897). My Pedagogic Creed. School Journal, 54, 77-88. http://dewey.pragmatism.org/creed.htm

DuBose-Simons, C. J. (2014). Movin’ on Up: African Americans in the South Bronx in the 1940s. New York History, 95(4), 543–57. http://www.jstor.org/stable/newyorkhist.95.4.543

Duncan, G. J. & Murnane, R. J. (2016). Rising Inequality in Family Incomes and Children’s Educational Outcomes. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 2(2), 142-158. https://doi.org/10.7758/rsf.2016.2.2.06

Fabricant, M. (2010). The Campaign for Public School Reform in the South Bronx. University of Minnesota Press.

Food Research and Action Center. (2017). Number and Percent of People Below Poverty by Congressional District. https://frac.org/maps/acs-poverty/tables/tab1-acs-poverty-cd-2017.html

Francois, C. (2021). Expectations, relevance, and relationships: Striving toward ideals for adolescent literacy instruction in an urban secondary school. Reading and Writing Quarterly: Overcoming Learning Difficulties, 37(5), 462-478. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2021.1878403

Furman Center. (2024). Neighborhood Indicators, The Bronx. https://furmancenter.org/neighborhoods/view/the-bronx

Good, C., Aronson, J. & Inzlicht, M. (2003). Improving adolescents’ standardized test performance: An intervention to reduce the effects of stereotype threat. Applied Developmental Psychology, 24, 645-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2003.09.002

Gómez-Vélez, N. (2013). Urban Public Education Reform: Governance, Accountability, Outsourcing. The Urban Lawyer, 45(1), 51-104. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24392340

Gonzalez, E. (2004). The Bronx. Columbia University Press.

Hanson, A. (2004). Interview 1. Interview with the Bronx African American History Project. BAAHP Digital Archive at Fordham University. https://research.library.fordham.edu/baahp_oralhist/95/

Jacknow-Markowitz, R. (1993). My Daughter, the Teacher: Jewish Teachers in the New York City Schools. Rutgers University Press.

Kuscera, J & Orfield, G. (2014). New York State’s Extreme School Segregation. Inequality, Inaction and a Damaged Future. https://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/ny-norflet-report-placeholder/Kucsera-New-York-Extreme-Segregation-2014.pdf

Ladson-Billings, G. (2011). ‘Yes, But How Do We Do It?’: Practicing Culturally Relevant Pedagogy. En Landsman, J. & Lewis, C. (Eds.), White teachers/ diverse classrooms: Creating inclusive schools, building on students’ diversity, and providing true educational equity (pp. 29-41). Routledge.

Lynd, S. (2014). Doing History from the Bottom Up: On E.P. Thompson, Howard Zinn, and Rebuilding the Labor Movement from Below. Haymarket Books.

Maier-Garcia, S. (2022a). Fogelman, Charles. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/25

Maier-Garcia, S. (2022b). Becker, Ann Joy. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/1

Maier-Garcia, S. (2022c). Sweet, Harry. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/4

Maier-Garcia, S. (2022d). Jakubovitz, Bruce. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/2

Maier-Garcia, S. (2022e). Malasky, Michael. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/3

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023a). A new-ish Jewish diaspora: Rethinking perspectives on Bronx white flight, 1960s to 1990s. En M. Teter (Ed.), Jewish Life in the Bronx (pp. 131-171). O’Hare Special Collections, Walsh Family Library, Fordham University. https://research.library.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=bjhp

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023b). Hochberg, Herbert. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/13

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023c). Brock, Joan. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/14

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023d). Yelloz, Eva. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/11

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023e). Rosen, Michael. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/26

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023f). Katz, Gloria. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/12

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023g). Braunstein, Beth. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/43

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023h). Jacobs, Jack. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/42

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023i). Vozick Hans, Alexandra. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/40

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023j). Cohen, Ruthie. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/45

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023k). Gruder, Vivian. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/21

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023l). Klein, Hilde. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/41

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023m). Hochberg, Marc. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/16

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023n). Gordon, Ina. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/31

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023o). Gurock, Jeffrey. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/34

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023p). Willner, Mark. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/46

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023q). Konig, Irene. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/36

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023r). Seperson, Susanne. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/32

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023s). Schwalb, Susan. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/20

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023t). Brecker, Andrea. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/35

Maier-Garcia, S. (2023u). Rothstein, Richard. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/18

Maier-Garcia, S. (2024). Siegel, Helen. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/47

Mann, H. (1891). Life and Works of Horace Mann. Lee and Shepard Publishers.

Martin, J. and Brooks, J. (2020). Turning White: Co-Opting a Profession through the Myth of Progress, An Intersectional Historical Perspective of Brown v. Board of Education. Intersectionality and the History of Education, 45(2), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.4148/0146-9282.2190

Mordechay, K. & Ayscue, J. (2024). Diversifying Neighborhoods, Diversifying Schools? The Relationship Between Neighborhood Racial Change and School Segregation in New York City. Education and Urban Society, 56(1), 3-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131245221110555

Naison, M. (2019). Why Hip Hop Began in the Bronx - Lecture for C-Span. Occasional Essays, 8, 1-9. https://research.library.fordham.edu/baahp_essays/8

New York State Community Action Association. (2018). A Comparative Look at County Poverty Levels. https://nyscaa.memberclicks.net/assets/docs/Comparative-Look.pdf

New York State Education Department. (2024). Teacher Loan Forgiveness. https://datasupport.nysed.gov/hc/en-us/articles/115003624603-Teacher-Loan-Forgivenes

Nora, P. (1989). Between memory and history: ‘Les lieux de mémoire.’ Representations, 26(2), 7-24. https://doi.org/10.2307/2928520

Rosenblum, C. (2011). Boulevard of Dreams: Heady Times, Heartbreak, and Hope along the Grand Concourse in the Bronx. New York University Press

Sadovnik, A. R., Cookson, P. Jr., Semel, S. & Coughlan, R. (2018). Exploring Education: An Introduction to the Foundations of Education (5th ed.). Routledge.

Sharpless, R. (2008). The history of oral history. In E. L. Chartlon, L. E. Myers and R. Sharpless (Eds.), Thinking about oral history: Theories and applications (pp. 7-30). AltaMira Press.

Stovall, R. (2023). Silverstein, Helen 'Lyn'. https://research.library.fordham.edu/bjhp/37.

Su, C. (2010). Streetwise for Book Smarts: Grassroots Organizing and Education Reform in the Bronx. Cornell University Press.

Roege, G. & Kim, K. H. (2013). Why We Need Arts Education. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 31(2), 121-130. https://doi.org/10.2190/EM.31.2.EOV.1.

Rosenbaum, E. & Friedman, S. (2007). The Housing Divide: How Generations of Immigrants Have Fared in New York’s Housing Market. New York University Press.

Vinovskis, M. A. (1970). Horace Mann on the Economic Productivity of Education. The New England Quarterly, 43(4), 550-571. https://doi.org/10.2307/363132

Zachary, E. & Olatoye, S. (2001). A Case Study: Community Organizing for School Improvement in the South Bronx. New York University Institute for Education and Social Policy. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED462493.pdf

Published

2024-12-17

How to Cite

Maier Garcia, S. (2024). ‘The Great Equalizer’: What the Bronx education of the past can teach us about the Bronx education of today. Revista Internacional De Educación Y Análisis Social Crítico Mañé, Ferrer & Swartz, 2(2), 98–143. https://doi.org/10.51896/easc.v2i2.711

Issue

Section

Artículos